Ketamine???

we dont use ketamine much anylonger. you should never play with it or take it on your own.

Ketamine is a drug for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (today a part of Pfizer) in 1962. Its hydrochloride salt is sold as Ketanest, Ketaset, and Ketalar. Pharmacologically, ketamine is classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist,[1] and at high, fully anesthetic level doses, ketamine has also been found to bind to opioid ? receptors and sigma receptors[2]. Like other drugs of this class such as tiletamine and phencyclidine (PCP), it induces a state referred to as “dissociative anesthesia”[3] and is used as a recreational drug.

Ketamine has a wide range of effects in humans, including analgesia, anesthesia, hallucinations, elevated blood pressure, and bronchodilation.[citation needed] It is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with some sedative drug. Other uses include sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm. It is also a popular anesthetic in veterinary medicine.

Ketamine is a chiral compound. Most pharmaceutical preparations of ketamine are racemic; however, some brands reportedly have (mostly undocumented) differences in enantiomeric proportions. The more active enantiomer, S-ketamine, is also available for medical use under the brand name Ketanest S.[4]

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Medical use
2.1 Experimental antidepressant use
2.2 Treatment of addiction
2.3 Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
2.4 Pharmacological model of schizophrenia
3 Neuropharmacology
4 Recreational use
4.1 Illicit sale
4.2 Methods of use
4.3 Psychological effects
5 Long-term side effects
6 References
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] History
Ketamine was developed by Dr. Calvin Stevens of Wayne State University. It was then developed by Parke-Davis in 1962 as part of an effort to find a safer anaesthetic alternative to Phencyclidine (PCP), which was more likely to cause hallucinations, neurotoxicity and seizures. The drug was first given to American soldiers during the Vietnam War. It is still widely used in humans. There may be some evidence that ketamine has the potential to cause emergence phenomena because of the drug’s possible psychotomimetic effects.[citation needed] It is also used widely in veterinary medicine, or as a battlefield anaesthetic in developing nations.[5]

Ketamine’s side effects eventually made it a popular psychedelic in 1965. The drug was used in psychiatric and other academic research through the 1970s, culminating in 1978 with the publishing of John Lilly’s The Scientist and Marcia Moore and Howard Alltounian’s Journeys into the Bright World, which documented the unusual phenomenology of ketamine intoxication.[6]

The incidence of recreational ketamine use increased through the end of the century, especially in the context of raves and other parties. The increase in illicit use prompted ketamine’s placement in Schedule III of the United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999.[7] In the United Kingdom, it became outlawed and labeled a Class C drug on January 1, 2006.[8] In Canada ketamine is classified as a Schedule I narcotic.[9] In Hong Kong, as of year 2000, ketamine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals, for university research purposes, or with a physician’s prescription.[10]

[edit] Medical use

10 ml bottles of ketamineContraindications:

Alcohol
Other sedatives
Stimulants

Side effects:
Severe: Impairs all senses, especially:

Sight
Balance
Sense of time
Cardiovascular:

Partial depressant
Gastrointestinal:

Nausea
Musculoskeletal:

Relaxant
Neurological:

Analgesia
Respiratory:

Partial depressant/stimulant

In medical settings, ketamine is usually injected intravenously or intramuscularly,[11] but it is also effective when insufflated, smoked, or taken orally.[12]

Since it suppresses breathing much less than most other available anaesthetics,[13] ketamine is still used in human medicine as an anesthetic, however, due to the severe hallucinations caused by ketamine, there are better anesthetics for victims with unknown medical history (e.g., from traffic accidents). Ketamine can be used in podiatry and other minor surgery, and occasionally for the treatment of migraine. There is ongoing research in France, the Netherlands, Russia, and the U.S. into the drug’s usefulness in pain therapy, depression suppression, and for the treatment of alcoholism[14] and heroin addiction.[15]

In veterinary anesthesia, ketamine is often used for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects on cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, and other small animals. Veterinarians often use ketamine with sedative drugs to produce balanced anaesthesia and analgesia, and as a constant rate infusion to help prevent pain wind-up. Ketamine is used to manage pain among large animals, though it has less effect on bovines. It is the primary intravenous anaesthetic agent used in equine surgery, often in conjunction with detomidine and thiopental, or sometimes Glyceryl guaiacolate.

Ketamine may be used in small doses (0.1–0.5 mg/kg/h) as a local anesthetic, particularly for the treatment of pain associated with movement and neuropathic pain.[16] It has the added benefit of counter-acting spinal sensitization or wind-up phenomena experienced with chronic pain. At these doses, the psychotropic side effects are less apparent and well managed with benzodiazepines.[17] Ketamine is a co-analgesic, and so is most effective when used alongside a low-dose opioid; while it does have analgesic effects by itself, the higher doses required can cause disorienting side effects.[17] The combination of ketamine with an opioid is, however, particularly useful for pain caused by cancer.[18]

The effect of ketamine on the respiratory and circulatory systems is different from that of other anaesthetics. When used at anaesthetic doses, it will usually stimulate rather than depress the circulatory system.[19] It is sometimes possible to perform ketamine anaesthesia without protective measures to the airways. Ketamine is also a potent analgesic and can be used in sub-anaesthetic doses to relieve acute pain; however, its psychotropic properties must be taken into account. Patients have reported vivid hallucinations, “going into other worlds” or “seeing God” while anesthetized, and these unwanted psychological side-effects have reduced the use of ketamine in human medicine. They can, however, usually be avoided by concomitant application of a sedative such as a benzodiazepine.[17]

Low-dose ketamine is recognized for its potential effectiveness in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), according to a retrospective review published in the October 2004 issue of Pain Medicine.[20] Although low-dose ketamine therapy is established as a generally safe procedure, reported side effects in some patients have included hallucinations, dizziness, lightheadedness and nausea. Therefore nurses administering ketamine to patients with CRPS should only do so in a setting where a trained physician is available if needed to assess potential adverse effects on patients.[21]

[edit] Experimental antidepressant use

100g of KetamineWhen treating patients suffering from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with a low-dose (subanesthetic) ketamine infusion, it was observed that some patients made a significant recovery from associated depression. This recovery was not formally documented, as the primary concern was the treatment of the patient’s pain. It was not possible to quantify to what degree depression recovery was secondary to the patient’s recovery from CRPS. Based on this result, it was thought that a low-dose (subanesthetic) infusion of ketamine was worth a trial in patients who were suffering from treatment-resistant depression without other physical or psychiatric illness.

Correll, et al gave ketamine intravenously to patients commencing at 15–20 mg/h (0.1–0.2 mg/kg/h) and the dose increased until a maximum tolerated dose was achieved. This dose was assumed to be a therapeutic dose and was maintained for 5 days. Patients were able to eat, drink, watch television, or read. They could feel inebriated and/or unsteady when walking. If hallucinations occurred, the dose was to be reduced. The patients’ normal medications were continued as it was feared that stopping them might result in severe depressive episodes. Before and following each treatment with ketamine, at patient clinic visits, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) were obtained. Two of the patients were described with impressive improvement in depression being maintained for 12 months in patient A and recurrence at 2.5 months and 9 months in patient B.[22]

The National Institute of Health News reports that a study of 18 patients has found that ketamine significantly improved treatment-resistant major depression within hours of injection.[23] The improvement lasted up to one week after the single dose.[24] The patients in the study were previously treatment resistant, having tried an average of six other treatments that failed. NIMH director Dr. Thomas Insel said in the paper:

“To my knowledge, this is the first report of any medication or other treatment that results in such a pronounced, rapid, prolonged response with a single dose. These were very treatment-resistant patients.”

The researchers apparently attribute the effect to ketamine being an NMDA receptor antagonist.[25] Those findings of Zarate et al corroborate earlier findings by Berman et al.[26] However Zarate et al do raise some concerns

BE CAREFUL.

While low doses of Ketamine can increase heart-rate, at higher doses it depresses consciousness and breathing and is extremely dangerous to combine with downers like alcohol, Valium or GHB.
Frequent use can cause disruptions in consciousness and lead to neuroses or other mental disorders.
Ketamine can cause a tremendous psychological dependence. The dissociation from one’s consciousness experienced with ketamine can be highly seductive to some people, and there are many cases of ketamine addiction.
Ketamine is illegal and possession can result in long prison terms.